2024-05-07 11:18:31來源:識林-椒 瀏覽量:183
美國藥學科學家協會(AAPS)于 4 月 24 日發表的編輯評論文章中介紹了美國 FDA 使用建模方法支持仿制藥開發的努力,包括定量方法和建模、模型集成證據、以及模型主文件等等。
為確保及時獲得安全、優質、有效且負擔得起的仿制藥,仿制藥使用者付費修正案(GDUFA)于 2012 年 7 月 9 日簽署成為法律,目前授權有效期至 2027 年 9 月 30 日(GDUFA III)(1)。GDUFA 的主要目標是解決與復雜和非復雜仿制藥相關的挑戰,并確保監管審評的及時性和一致性。
根據 GDUFA 監管科學研究計劃,美國 FDA 公開鼓勵使用定量方法和建模(quantitative methods and modeling,QMM)方法以及模型集成證據(model-integrated evidence,MIE)來支持仿制藥產品的開發和審批(2,3,4,5,6)。MIE 方法利用虛擬生物等效性(virtual bioequivalence,VBE)試驗結果指導關鍵體內研究的設計,并通過支持考慮體外測試并減少其它推薦的常規體內研究(包括但不限于 PK、PD 或可比性臨床終點研究(3))的替代 BE 方法來獲得藥品批準。對于復雜仿制藥和口服劑型,QMM 方法的應用可以并且正在用于支持替代 BE 方法和監管審評(2,3,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14)。這些定量方法包括機械建模,例如基于生理的藥代動力學(PBPK)建模和計算流體動力學 (CFD) 建模,定量臨床藥理學工具集,例如群體藥代動力學(PPK)方法,以及先進的數據分析方法。
除資助 QMM 方法的內部和外部研究及其在支持藥品開發和批準的 MIE 中的整合外,FDA 還努力改善制藥行業和 FDA 之間的互動框架。在這些互動的范圍內,FDA 引入了模型主文件(MMF)的概念,以促進模型共享和模型接受,并最終推進仿制藥開發以及簡化監管提交和評估(15,16)。
MIE 對于非復雜和復雜仿制藥的促進作用是通過考慮藥品質量屬性來表征和預測體內性能,為減少人體測試的研究設計提供信息,以及支持解決與某些藥品相關的挑戰的替代 BE 方法。
2022 年 10 月 27 日至 28 日,FDA 和復雜仿制藥研究中心 (CRCG) 在制藥行業的重要反饋下合作舉辦了為期兩天的研討會,討論將 QMM 方法整合到 MIE 內以支持仿制藥產品開發的最佳實踐。研討會的標題是“利用建模方法支持仿制產品開發”(15)。
研討會展示了 Tsakalozou 等人提出的所有仿制藥 MIE 方法的監管可接受性的提高。更具體地說,針對 Wu 等人總結的口服劑型。以及 Walenga 等人(17-19)討論的局部作用藥物產品。這些研討會報告討論了監管框架以及計算機工具和方法的開發如何促進復雜仿制藥的開發。先進數據分析工具的應用(例如多變量分析、人工智能/機器學習 (AI/ML))以及 Gong 等人(20) 總結的如何使用這些工具支持復雜仿制藥的開發并提高監管審評期間科學評價的效率和一致性。FDA、學術界和制藥行業的代表深入討論了 MMF 的潛在類型和 MMF 案例研究,強調了 Fang 等人(21)總結的模型可重用性、簡化監管申報以及增強監管審評與 MMF 框架一致性的優勢。
此次研討會極大地加強了行業、學術界和 FDA 之間的溝通和協調。盡管研討會與會者指出了在監管決策中實施 QMM 所面臨的挑戰,但為開發最佳實踐奠定了基礎,以驗證其是否達到預期目的,并將其應用于支持非復雜和復雜仿制藥的替代 BE 評估。研討會的成果將用于促進 QMM 方法的應用,并制定將此類方法納入仿制藥開發計劃和監管申報的最佳實踐。
作為仿制藥開發和監管申請中不斷發展的方法,建模和模擬方法有可能克服當前開發復雜仿制藥或具有復雜問題的仿制藥所面臨的挑戰,并最大限度地減少人體試驗的負擔。隨著 MIE 方法和 MMF 框架的使用,監管申報中建模和模擬的可接受性預計會提高。來自監管機構、仿制藥行業、顧問、學術界和其它建模和模擬領域的專家致力于不斷改進 MIE 實踐和法規。
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